Visual representation of complex waves



Patented Sept. 6, 1949 481,247 vison, REinisNTArroir or otirj WAVESl Lionel Schott', Eastx Orange, assilgfnoi tofell Telephone LalfL-tories;

: Incorporate@ l New York, N.V Y., a corporation of New York Arpi'itiotolier 10, 19216, Si 70237? 9' Claims.

This inventionfreiaresf een-arysisand-visua1 representatrif c'rnie andi lre parnent 'frequeicvbands othfe speech sound arel disfplayed on 'a'viewingarea'allong-'respective' angrilarly displaced :lines kfof dir on :having a I commonoriginorpoint of refee'n Another featref 'coiris'es visually'- representing-a speechl sndfand in which the' outward extension o'rnpositiovk ofthe ndifationalongfthe respectiveA 'line "of direction' is" ajmeasre of energy content or intensity of theicrrespbndnig component frequency bandlf In accordance' With'thef-fpresent invention, the complex Wave corresponding to a `given or particular speech sound dividjed into' ai' plu raliftv of discretecomponentrrequemifbands earrpf which is ass'i'g'nedl'ir 'prirpo esi of a visual reprei sentation; one; .of aphr'alry ofavgularly displaced position'sl"'or"1ines"of'diretion having' a common origin or referencepoint in a. viewing area. These discrethnds'a'e scanned successively and cylicallva number gi tirnes ea ch Soondi and'theireeryfctentstor intensities are translated' intoradialdisplacements of an `energy ray. 'f eletront Beam at therespective angles` or alongtrthe respective; linesV oir direction forY the individual frequency.- lpandsf,` wherebyJ if the e'negylray is 1directed against' a luminescent or a luorescentsicreen; atracegrepresentative of the complex Wave'is; prodarxzed'j1f1ereon. In aparticular embodiment; .the compl'e'x Wave divided intol a multiplicity `of" dsreteor component frequen-'cy bands by' aisui-tagble ,bandepass filter net- Work,l and the alternating cl-irrentspf. .the respective bandspconvertedginto direct A current control signals.. These Signale are;app1id,i; through. a

cally -to theA deoectmg elements or plates, ,f a cathode-ray tube :orf escilllosgope, pto; deflect the Cathode :Qn-beam therein; .SuQQQSSi/ely and cxlicallxa, v El.f-ai-1glf ,e e e@ t0 the rslfvfe cpmponentffrequ nc, l .dsansw .an @Maribor deplacement red-@115' .-de @mined by the :energy contentgor intensity of therespective component f a positive potential fleeting Vplate chroughai ce l mutatweisegment, the iopposite or`f associated platefis reffCtii/'ely confiecited ati'igatve fpbtehtialthlllgh `the grounding brushesl 21. `vThe distribution --the nirersiarna, Berra/:Berico ,vor the i-piates a cation'lor -utward *extension Lof "the successively swept orifscanned component freqne'ncyj'bands are the same, the radialcdisplacementlbf the cathoder'ay 'or electron beam will be the" same and thezpatteiin developed'cn the s'creen-'for the particular speech soundwifll be V#substantially symmetrical infoutline. In'fg'n'eral, hoivever., the energy content for a `particular VIspeech sound varies 'in distinctive maifineriwith frequency over the frequency band for such speech sound, and the radial displacement of the electron beam will be different for the successive component frequency bands, whereby the visual pattern for each speech sound will have a distinctive irregular outermost outline about the center of the viewing area on the screen, or, alternatively phrased, about the normal or idle position of the luminescent spot developed by the electron beam on the screen in the absence of speech sound input to the system. The input impedances to the deecting plate circuits are preferably high relative to the values of resistances Rl R5, so that no appreciable change in the voltages will occur when the oscilloscope plate circuits are connected across these output terminations of the filter circuits.

It is apparent that any number of segments and associated discrete or component band filters may be suitably arranged and operated in the manner described. In fact, a large number of discrete or component frequency bands might be used to increase the detail in the visual pattern. To the same end, the number of segments in the commutative means could be increased with respect to a given number of band-pass lter circuits. The twelve band-pass filter circuits, for example, might be arranged to operate twenty-four, thirty-six or forty-eight segments in the commutative connector, to provide corresponding numbers of equally angularly spaced radial lines and consequent smoother pattern outlines. The visual patterns so far described are in the nature of from the commutativelmeans.

areas :whose apparent '.boimdaries .are-denedfici flatter Vappearing to ill'in oi'r shadeztheareasnf it is -desired'that only thefout'linefof `the:pattern area should be shown, that maybeaccomplislred by filtering lout :the alternating "componentsyfirst,

.-in Y.the 'energy suppliedxto the'fcommiltative imans from the rectiier means, and thenfin'thefenergf supplied to the cathode :ray tube--deiiecting iplates It is ''to 'b'e understood thatthe length of the segments inthe com- Vmutative means and the `spacingbetween 'adjaducing an energy ray and'two deflectors adapted Vto deflect the ray inrespective idiferentdirection's,

and 'm'eansincludi'ng a commutativefconnectcr between said selective means an'd saidideiiectors for deiiecting` said ray in a" multiplicity i @initierent directions Vin cyclicallyrepea'ted @succession and, in each said directiom'to'anfextentdepend- Vent on the intensity of the wavesinarespectively corresponding component barld. A

2. InV combination, la source' =o`f complex #electric wave corresponding 'to aspe'ecn sound;\frequency selective 'means for dividingh'e frequencyfc'ontent of said wave into aplurality fof-discrete vfrequencylbandsfmeans .for deriving a 'pluraiityiof currents representative 'of `ytheTelelfgt:cm1- tents Yof the `respective ffrequency'biandsjvistal indication meansV 'comprising Vfan Velectron'fbeam source,v a luminescent tscreen- "against 1'the 'iiectthe beam accordance Wi'th-'control signals appliedto said elements and` means'for convertyc ca yinto control signals-and for applyi'ngsaidcontrc nals to said deecting elements to deilectf'f-Sad beam in a plurality of diiferent directions individual to the respective frequency bands, in cyclically repeated succession, and in each said direction, to an extent representative of the energy content of the respectively corresponding frequency band, to produce a visual pattern on said screen representative of said speech sound.

3. In combination with a source of complex waves; a multiplicity of frequency selective means for dividing Waves from said source into a corresponding multiplicity of component frequency bands; electronic means including an electron beam and a luminescent viewing area against which the beam is directed; and means for deriving control signals individual to the respective component frequency bands, and for deiiecting said beam in cyclical succession along a corresponding multiplicity of angularly displaced lines of direction having a common point of reference on said viewing area, and, in each direction, to an extent dependent on the intensity of the Waves in a respectively corresponding component band, to produce a visual pattern on said viewing area representative of the complex waves.

4. In'combination with means for converting speech sound Waves into an audio frequency electric Wave corresponding to said speech waves; means for dividing said electric wave into a plurality of component frequency bands; means for deriving successively and cyclically a corresponding plurality of control signals from said component bands; and means for converting said con- `trol signals intorespective visual indications located on a corresponding plurality of angularly displaced lines of direction having a common point of reference and each respective to one of the compenent bands, to produce a visual pattern representative of the speech sound waves.

5. In combination with means for converting speech sound waves into an audio frequency electric wave corresponding to said speech waves; means for dividing said electric wave into a plurality of component frequency bands; means for deriving a plurality of control signals from said component bands; and means for converting said control signals into a plurality of visual indications located on a plurality of angularly disposed lines of direction having a common point of reference.

6. In combination with a source of complex electric Wave, means for dividing said Wave into a plurality of discrete frequency bands, means for deriving a plurality of control signals from said discrete bands, and means for converting said control signals into a plurality of simultaneous persistent visual indications located on a plurality of angularly related lines of direction having a common point of reference.

7. The method of producing a visual representation of a complex electric wave that comprises dividing said wave into a plurality of component frequency bands; deriving successively and cyclically a corresponding plurality of control signals from said frequency bands representative of the energy contents of the respective component bands; and converting said control signals into respective visual indications such that the visual indications are located at-the outer portions of a plurality of angularly displaced lines of direction having a common' point of reference and each respective to one of the component bands, and the relative distances of the indications from the point of reference being representative of the energy content of the respective component bands.

8. Themethod of producing a visual representation of a speech sound that comprises generating an electric Wave corresponding to said speech sound in frequency and energy distribution content; dividing said wave into a plurality of component frequency bands; deriving successively and cyclically a plurality of control signals representative of the energy contents of the respective component bands; and converting said control signals into respective visual indications such that the visual indications are located at the outer portions of a plurality of angularly displaced lines of direction having a common point of reference and each respective to one of the component bands, and the relative distances of the indications from the point of reference being representative of the energy content of the respective component bands.

9. The method of producing a visual representation oi a complex Wave that comprises dividing said wave into a plurality of component frequency bands, deriving a plurality of control signals from said component bands, and converting said control signals into a plurality of visual indications on a plurality of angularly related lines of direction.

LIONEL SCHOTT.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,168,047 Skellett Aug. 1, 1937 2,306,067 Lewis Dec. 22, 1942 2,403,983 Koenig July 16, 1946 2,403,985 Koenig July 16, 1946 2,403,986 Lacy July 16, 1946 2,403,997 Potter July 16, 1946 2,423,103 Koechlin July 1, 1947 2,429,229 Koenig Oct. 21, 1947 Patented Sept. 6, 1949 Seaver Ames Ballard, Orinda, Rupert Clarke Morris, Berkeley, and John LVan Winkle, San Lorenzo, Calif., 'assignors to; Shell Development Company, San Francisco, SG'alifg-.a corporation of Delaware 1 NoDrawing. Appli cation :August 31, 194.6,

Serial No. 694,97

This invention relates to new and useful lubricating compositions and more particularly it relates to lubricants containing copolymers of trimethylene glycol or its derivatives with certain alkylene glycols, as well as the novel copolymers themselves.

It is well known that certain alkylene glycols having two hydroxyl radicals on adjacent carbon atoms may be polymerized to form viscous liquids or wax-like polymers useful to a, certain extent for lubrication purposes. The products obtained have the general unit configuration L I I In where n is an integer and R1 through R4 are hydrogens or organic radicals such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, etc. Alkylene oxides having the oxygen bridging two adjacent carbon atoms form similar polymers. Examples of alkylene oxides forming such polymers are ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, etc. Glycols such as ethylene glycol polymers practically identical with those obtained from the alkylene oxides. As pointed out above, these monomers and polymers have at least one part of their configuration in common: the oxygen atoms as separated by only two carbon atoms, ineach casejgiving', in the case of polyethylene oxide polymers 'of the '.conguration: c

n n n H o-o-o-o-o-on n n u Typical of lubricants comprising the higher alkylene oxides is polypropylene oxide, having the coniiguration Polymers of butylene oxide and higher alkylene oxides di'ier in one respect from this latter configuration: the methyl substituent or one or more of the hydrogens is replaced by another hydrocarbon group (or other substituent) -such as ethyl, propyl, etc. Hence, this whole series of polymers comprises chains of pairs of carbon atoms linked by oxygen atoms.

Polymers such as those of polypropylene oxide, may replace mineral oil lubricants for certain purposes, such as in hydraulic brake uid compositions, etc. When used as engine lubri-l cants it has two advantages over mineral oil lubricants, namely, leaving substantially no engine deposit, and having a low pour point.

4 clainis. ,-(Cipf'zecg-sisi actiever, the pciyalkylene mdd@ and ethylene glycol vpolymers in general, and polypropylene oxide especially, have one serious drawback limiting their utility as general lubricants. This is the serious susceptibility of polymers consisting of units of the general configuration to oxidation during normal use, such as in lubricating compositions. This instability towards oxygen causes considerable loss of the product during its use, since, instead of forming gums as in the case of mineral oils, polymers of this conguration decompose upon oxidation to form volatile materials which gradually escape from the lubrication system.

This tendency to oxidize and subsequently volatilize can be controlled to a limited extent by incorporation in the polymer of certain antioxidants. However, large percentages of these are required to maintain suitable stability. This causes undue lacquer formation on engine parts, apparently due to the stabilizer itself. Furthermore, even in the presence of considerable pro-` portions of anti-oxidant materials, the polymers containing a predominating number of units havmenthylene glycol or its derivatives with alkylene glycols. It is still another object of this invention to provide copolymers having units of the general coniiguration as well as units of the general conguration -O-i-i-i It is a fifth object of this invention to provide stable polymeric materials useful as components in plastic compositions, lubricating compositions, rubber compositions, enamels, lacquers, etc. Other objects will be obvious from the following description of the present invention.

3 Now, in accordance with this invention it has been found that lubricants of excellent stability are formed by copolymerlzation of alkylene glycols containing the essential structure r ,g n o- -c-OH 'T Il. where s is an integer, with trimethylene glycol or substituted trimethylene glycols of the general formula where t is an integer. The polymers so formed consist essentially of chains having units of the general structure i i trl wherein m and n are integers, the free carbon valences carrying hydrogens or organic substituents. Y

The glycols which are lpolymerized with the trimethylene glycols to form the lubricating compositions of the Ipresent invention are generally called alkylene glycols and may be monomeric glycols or a lower polymer thereof. These glycols have the general formula i 1/. wherein s is an integer and the free carbon valences are satisfied with hydrogens or organic radicals. Preferably s is a number from 1 to 10, and still more preferably from 1 to 4. While the carbon constituents may be hydrogen or any organic radical, it is preferred that each wherein t is an integer and the unsatised carbon valences carry hydrogen or organic substituents, are all derived theoretically from trimethylene glycol. Hence, glycols of the above configuration will be referred to herein as the trimethylene glycols. When t is 1, the trimethylene glycols have the general formula E Olin- H The monomeric trimethylene glycols having the above general formula lare-derived from trimethylene glycol. Preferably, R1 and Rz are hydrogens. In such case, the polymers are formed from trimethylene glycol itself. If R1 and/or R2 are not hydrogens, they may be organic radicals such as alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, etc.

Preferably ifathey are not hydrogens, they are hydrocarbon radicals, especially saturated lower hydrocarbon radicals, but may also be groups which contain olenic or acetylenic portions. Typical of the trimethylene alkyl substituted glycols are the methylated trimethylene glycols, including 1methylpropanediol1,3; 2methy1pro rpanediol-LB; 1,1-dimethylpropanediol-1,3; 1,2- dimethylpropanediol1,3; 1,3-dimethylpropanedici-1,3; 2,2-dimethylpropanediol-l,3; 1,1,2-trimethylpropanedioll,3; 1,1,3-trimethy1propanedici-1,3; 1,2,2-trmethylpropanediol-1,3; 1,2,3- trimethylpropanediol 1,3; 1,1,2,2tetramethyl propanediol- 1,3 1,1,3,3-tetramethylpropane-1,3; 1,2,3,3 tetramethylpropanediol 1,3; 1,1,2,2,3 pentamethylpropanediol 1,3; 1,1,2,3,3 pentamethylpropanediol-1,3; and hexamethyl-propanedid-1,3.

sin place of the methyl groups other alkyl groups may be utilized, such as ethyl, propyl, butyl, amyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, etc., radicals, as well as their isomers. Preferably, when alkyl groups -are the substituents R1 and Re, they have from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and still more preferably from 1 to 5. It will be understood that R1 and R2 may be similar or dissimilar groups. Thus, when expanding the general formula given hereinbefore to its indicated number of carbon atoms, it then becomes Rz R4 Rl -con wherein R3 through Rs are either hydrogen atoms or similar or dissimilar organic radicals. Those derivatives 0f trimethylene glycol, other than trimethylene glycol itself, which give the most satisfactory copolymers for general use have either one or two of the Rs as lower alkyl groups. Thus, 2-methylpropanediol-1,3 and 2,2-dimethylpropanediol1,3 form excellent copolymers when treated according to the method of the present invention.

Other lower alkyl-substituted trimethylene glycols which polymcrize readily are 1methyl2 ethylpropanediol-1,3; Z-methyl-Z-ethylpropanedici-1,3; 1-methyl-3-ethylpropanediol 1,3; 2- m'ethyl-Z-propylpropanediol-1,3; 1methyl2iso propylpropanediol 1,3; 2 methyl-2-butylpropanediol-1,3; 2-methyl-3butylpropanedio1-1,3; and the homologs, analogs Iand derivatives of the same.

One or more of the substituents may be cycloaliphatic radicals. Thus, Ra through Ra may be such radicals as cyclohexyl, methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, ethylcyclohexyl, etc. However, open-chain alkyl substituents give -polymers having preferred properties.

The polymers have modified properties if the trimethylene glycol derivative contains other active groups or elements such as additional hydroxyls, carboxyls, carbonyls, halogens, sulfur, etc.

While the copolymers formed may be prepared from trimethylene glycol alone, or from a single trimethylene glycol derivative, copolymers having more than one variety of l unit in addition to the units also may be prepared in order to vary the 

